Journal of Social Work and Science Education
Journal of Social Work and Science Education is firmly established as an authoritative voice in the world of social work and science education with E-ISSN: 2723-6919 and P-ISSN 2746-0827. It publishes scholarly papers that focus on the social science, teaching and learning, science in school settings ranging from early childhood to university education. It bridges the gap between research and practice, providing information, ideas and opinion. As a truly international journal, JSWSE welcomes contributions from any country provided that the authors explain their local contexts and demonstrate the significance of their work for a global readership. Special emphasis is placed on applicable research relevant to social sciences, educational practice, educational realities in systems, schools, colleges and universities. It is concerned with social science and science education but also welcomes manuscripts on the integration of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) or, geography, and the arts. It is regularly published three times a year.
LAZISMU Medan’s Communication Strategy to Strengthen Bil Hal Preaching via Zakat, Infaq, Sadaqah
This study aims to analyze the communication strategies of the Muhammadiyah Zakat, Infaq, and Charity Institution (LAZISMU) in Medan City in strengthening da’wah bil hal through zakat, infaq, and charity (ZIS) programs amid the dynamics of a heterogeneous urban society. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation involving administrators, donors, and beneficiaries. Data analysis uses an interactive model that includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, while data validity is maintained through triangulation and member checking techniques. The results of the study indicate that LAZISMU Medan City implements an integrated communication strategy by combining interpersonal communication and digital media. Direct approaches such as visits, socialization, and community involvement have proven effective in building trust and emotional closeness with donors. Meanwhile, the use of digital media such as WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook plays an important role in expanding the reach of information, increasing transparency, and encouraging public participation. The implementation of da’wah bil hal through ZIS programs in education, humanitarian social, and economic empowerment fields show a shift from a charitable approach to empowerment, thereby providing tangible social, economic, and spiritual impacts for the beneficiaries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novia Irawan Dalimunthe, Farhan Indra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fostering Educational Equity Through Cross-Sector Collaboration: A Case Study of School-Company CSR Partnerships in Indonesia
This study focuses on examining the partnership pattern between educational institutions and the business sector in implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs in the field of education. The aspects analyzed include the initial circumstances leading to the establishment of the collaboration, the organizational governance model and practices of shared leadership, the mechanisms for implementing and controlling activities, strategies to strengthen trust and commitment among the stakeholders, and the implications of the collaboration for expanding learning opportunities and improving the quality of educational services. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design conducted at Faza Azkia Integrated Islamic Private Elementary School. The research participants include the school principal, educators involved in the planning, data collection, and implementation of educational CSR programs, as well as representatives from partner companies. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, document review, and analysis of CSR activity reports. The analysis process was carried out interactively through stages of data selection, information display, and conclusion drawing. The reliability of the findings was ensured through the application of both source and technique triangulation. The findings indicate that the collaboration was formed due to the socio-economic gaps among students, which were reinforced by corporate initiatives and the school’s formal mechanisms. The clarity of the institutional design and the collaborative leadership of the school principal play a crucial role in maintaining the effectiveness and sustainability of the program. Educational CSR collaboration has a positive impact on increasing access to education, student motivation, and academic achievement, although the equitable distribution of program benefits remains a major challenge in its implementation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salniati Nasution, Muhammad Fadhli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrating Tahfidz into the Islamic Religious Education Curriculum to Strengthen Qur’anic Competence
This study aims to examine the strengthening of Qur’anic competence through its integration into the tahfidz-based Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum in Indonesia. Using a literature review approach and descriptive-analytical content analysis, the study examines various scholarly sources, including books, national and international journal articles, and relevant educational policy documents. The findings indicate that Qur’anic competence is multidimensional, encompassing four interrelated domains: tilawah (the ability to recite the Qur’an accurately with proper tartil and tajwid), tahfidz (progressive memorization), contextual understanding and tadabbur (reflective contemplation), and the application of Qur’anic values in everyday life. The integration of these competencies into the PAI curriculum can be implemented through four models: the thematic-integrative model, the vertically sequenced model, the project-based model, and a school culture model that positions the Qur’an as the central foundation of the educational ecosystem. The success of integrating Qur’anic competence is influenced by four key factors: the competence and professionalism of PAI teachers, the quality of instructional materials, the leadership of school principals, and the synergy among schools, families, and communities. To ensure the sustainable strengthening of Qur’anic competence, several strategies are recommended, including the standardization of measurable competencies, technology-based pedagogical innovation, the professional development of teachers, the transformation of assessment systems into authentic and holistic forms, and the development of a comprehensive Qur’anic ecosystem within the school environment. Based on these findings, the study emphasizes that the Qur’an should not merely be treated as a formal subject but should serve as the spiritual foundation and value compass guiding the entire process of Islamic education in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ummul Khoir, Siti Maryam Munjiat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Extracurricular Management to Improve the Quality of Student Services at an Islamic Senior High School in Indonesia
This study aims to analyze the management of extracurricular activities in improving the quality of student services at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Model Medan by using the SERVQUAL framework, which includes the dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. Research participants include the head of the madrasah, the vice principal for student affairs, extracurricular activity supervisors, and students selected purposively. Data collection techniques were conducted through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation study. Data analysis used the model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, while data validity was ensured through triangulation and member checking. The results of the study indicate that the management of extracurricular activities at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Model Medan is able to improve the quality of student services. The tangible dimension is reflected in the availability of facilities, structured schedules, budget support, and the presence of mentors. The reliability dimension is seen from the consistency in activity implementation, clarity of organizational structure, and mentor commitment. The responsiveness dimension is demonstrated through the openness of the madrasah in responding to the needs and aspirations of students. Meanwhile, the assurance dimension is apparent from the competence of mentors, continuous guidance, as well as the existence of program monitoring and evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinda Putri, Muhammad Fadhli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Music Entertainment at Islamic Wedding Feasts (Walimatul ‘Urs): Implications for Muslim Family Understanding in Indonesia
This study aims to analyze the practice of musical entertainment in the implementation of walīmatul ‘urs and its implications for the understanding of Islamic law among Muslim families in Ujung Padang District, Simalungun Regency. The research uses a qualitative approach with field research through observation, interviews, and documentation techniques involving various informants, including wedding organizers, religious leaders, customary leaders, community members, and local youth. The results of the study show that forms of musical entertainment in walīmatul ‘urs consist of traditional music (rebana and hadrah), modern music (single organ and keyboard), as well as vocal entertainment such as religious and popular songs. These practices reflect the integration of social and religious values through a negotiation process between entertainment needs and adherence to Islamic norms. In addition, there is a spectrum of understanding of Islamic law among Muslim families, which is divided into two main tendencies, namely the view that allows with conditions and the view that is more restrictive. These differences are influenced by factors such as age, level of religious education, and social pressure. Furthermore, the practice of musical entertainment in walīmatul ‘urs has implications for the formation of an understanding of Islamic law that is contextual, adaptive, and dynamic. Tensions between custom (‘urf) and Islamic law (sharia) are also found, but are generally resolved through mechanisms of compromise and adjustment. This study asserts that the understanding of Islamic law at the family level is not static, but is formed through interactions between normative texts and socio-cultural practices. These findings contribute to the development of studies in Islamic law and the sociology of religion, particularly in understanding the dynamics of religiosity among Muslim communities in the local context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatimah Fatimah, Akmaluddin Syahputra, Imam Yazid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Promotion, Service Quality, and Sustainable Performance: An Empirical Study of an Indonesian Pet Shop SME
This study aims to analyze the effect of digital promotion and service quality on sustainable performance in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) at Sinar Jaya Petshop in Indonesia. The study uses a quantitative approach with a survey design, as well as purposive sampling technique on 70 respondents who are store customers. Data were collected through a questionnaire using a Likert scale and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results of the study indicate that digital promotion and service quality, both partially and simultaneously, have a positive and significant effect on sustainable performance. This shows that improving digital promotion strategies and service quality can drive an increase in sustainable business performance. However, the coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.140 indicates that the model's ability to explain variations in sustainable performance is still limited, so there are other factors outside the model that also influence it. Therefore, business actors are advised not to focus solely on digital promotion and service quality, but also to consider other factors such as innovation, price, and customer loyalty to optimally improve sustainable performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dea Nabila Putri, Desma Erica Maryati, Lisa Elianti Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Adaptive Strategic Planning in Islamic Educational Institutions in Responding to Internal and External Environmental Change
The growing complexity of educational environments in the 21st century driven by rapid technological advancements, globalization, and shifting societal expectations has required educational institutions to adopt more adaptive and responsive strategic approaches. Within this evolving landscape, Islamic educational institutions encounter a distinctive challenge in balancing the demands of modernization with the preservation of religious values and institutional identity. Despite extensive discussions on strategic planning and digital transformation, limited research has systematically conceptualized adaptive strategic planning as an integrated framework specifically suited to Islamic educational contexts. This study aims to address this gap by developing a conceptual framework of adaptive strategic planning that incorporates both internal and external environmental dimensions. Using a qualitative conceptual literature review, this research synthesizes scholarly works published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on leadership, organizational culture, human resource capacity, and technological integration as key determinants of institutional adaptability. The findings suggest that institutional adaptability emerges from the dynamic interaction between internal capacities such as transformational leadership, a learning-oriented culture, and teacher digital competence and external pressures, including technological disruption, globalization, policy changes, and evolving societal expectations. Furthermore, adaptive strategic planning is characterized by flexibility, iterative decision making, continuous evaluation, and active stakeholder engagement, all of which contribute to strengthening institutional resilience. Importantly, this study highlights that adaptability in Islamic educational institutions must be grounded not only in managerial effectiveness but also in ethical and religious values, ensuring that innovation does not compromise institutional identity. This dual orientation offers a context-sensitive contribution to the literature. However, the study is limited by its conceptual nature and recommends future empirical validation through case studies or mixed-method approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muvtia Agustina, Octa Romadhona Putri, Siti Rahmatullisa, Muhammad Sirozi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Subjectivity and Personal Ambition in the Governance of Educational Institutions
This study examines how subjectivity and personal ambition influence the governance of educational institutions and affect the quality and relevance of educational services. Conducted using a qualitative literature review approach, the study analyzed books, journal articles, and policy documents related to educational management, leadership, and organizational governance through content analysis. The findings indicate that when decisions are influenced by personal interests, they can lead to bias, internal conflict, and reduced educational quality. Effective governance requires systematic, transparent, and participatory planning supported by ethical and professional leadership. In Islamic educational contexts, embedding moral and spiritual values such as justice, integrity, and responsibility further strengthens governance and leadership effectiveness. The novelty of this study lies in emphasizing the combined impact of human factors and ethical frameworks on educational management, highlighting the need for moral considerations alongside administrative systems. Practically, the findings suggest that educational institutions should implement objective decision-making processes and foster ethical leadership to enhance accountability and sustainability. Overall, this study contributes a comprehensive framework for understanding how subjectivity and personal ambition affect governance and provides guidance for improving institutional quality and long-term relevance in education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indah Siti Nurhalizah, Pitriani Pitriani, Maila Rosidah, Muhammad Sirozi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Strategic Planning for Islamic Educational Institutions in the Globalization Era
Islamic educational institutions face complex challenges in the globalization era, including technological disruption, intense competition, and demands for adaptive yet values-based graduates. Strategic planning offers a potential solution, yet its integration with Islamic educational values remains underexamined. This study examines how strategic planning can address development challenges faced by Islamic educational institutions in the globalization era. A qualitative library research method was employed, analyzing 45 academic sources (books, peer-reviewed articles, policy documents) using thematic content analysis. The analytical framework integrated SWOT analysis with Islamic educational principles. Findings indicate that strategic planning addresses five key challenges: (1) human resource quality through continuous competency-based training; (2) institutional governance through systematic planning and evaluation; (3) Islamic value integration through curriculum and co-curricular alignment; (4) funding sustainability through resource optimization and partnerships; (5) graduate competitiveness through 21st-century skills development. SWOT analysis emerged as a relevant tool for context-sensitive planning. This study integrates modern strategic management concepts (SWOT, performance measurement) with Islamic educational values into a comprehensive conceptual framework. Policymakers and institutional leaders should implement systematic, values-based strategic planning to enhance institutional competitiveness while preserving Islamic identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ali Murtadho, Ridho Dwi Putra, Fauza Yanuarti Pertiwi, Muhammad Sirozi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Leadership in Action: A Case Study of Principal’s Technology-Based Supervision and its Impact on Teacher Development
This qualitative case study investigated the role of a primary school principal in implementing technology-based academic supervision and teacher competency development. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation at SDN 1 Sumber Hidup, Indonesia. Findings reveal three key strategies: needs-based training, the establishment of a teacher learning community (Kombel), and technology-based individual mentoring. The study demonstrates that a shift from a control-oriented to a coaching-oriented supervision model, facilitated by digital tools, fostered a collaborative professional culture and enhanced teacher capacity. The findings contribute to understanding how principals can operationalize instructional leadership in the digital era to build sustainable teacher professional development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siswanto Siswanto, Bukman Lian, Muhammad Juliansyah Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Big Five Personality Traits and Self-Disclosure on Secondary Instagram Accounts: A Study of Indonesian High School Students
This study examined the relationship between Big Five personality traits and self-disclosure behavior among high school students using secondary Instagram accounts. A quantitative correlational design was employed with 213 students (grades 10-11) from SMAN 2 Bengkulu City, Indonesia, selected through purposive sampling. Personality was measured using the IPIP-BFM-25 (Indonesian version), and self-disclosure was assessed using an adapted Self-Disclosure Scale. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a very strong, significant relationship between personality types and self-disclosure (r = 0.996, p < 0.001). All five dimensions Extraversion (r = 0.992), Agreeableness (r = 0.984), Conscientiousness (r = 0.992), Neuroticism (r = 0.991), and Openness to Experience (r = 0.991) showed significant correlations. Neuroticism was the most prevalent dimension (96.7% of respondents). The findings provide empirical support for integrating personality frameworks into digital literacy interventions and guidance counseling services for adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lorenza Nanda Savitri, Anni Suprapti, Adif Jawadi Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Indonesia’s Strategy to Face China’s Aggressiveness in the North Natuna Sea: A Defense Policy Perspective 2014–2023
This research aims to identify the forms of China’s aggressiveness, analyze how Indonesia formulated and implemented its defense politics, and assess the effectiveness of such responses in safeguarding Indonesia’s sovereignty and sovereign rights in the North Natuna Sea. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and documentation, consisting of primary data from informants involved in the formulation and implementation of defense policy, as well as secondary data from official documents, academic literature, and relevant regulations. Data were analyzed qualitatively through classification, categorization, interpretation, and triangulation of sources and methods. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s defense politics during 2014–2023 were carried out through an adaptive, measured, and integrative approach by combining defense posture strengthening, maritime patrols, law enforcement, defense diplomacy, and international legal legitimacy. This defense politics was relatively effective in preventing the establishment of China’s de facto control over Indonesia’s jurisdictional waters and in maintaining regional stability, although it still faced challenges such as power asymmetry, limited maritime capacity, the complexity of gray zone threats, and inter-agency coordination constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ristu Tri Hastawan, Muradi Muradi, Yusa Djuyandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Dual Role of Crowding in Hedonic Retail Environments: How Human and Spatial Crowding Shape Excitement, Eustress, Satisfaction, and Impulsive Buying
The cosmetic retail industry in Indonesia faces intense competition and increasingly crowded store environments. While prior studies predominantly emphasize the negative consequences of crowding, this study offers a different perspective by examining its potential to elicit positive emotional responses. Drawing on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework, this research investigates the effects of human crowding and spatial crowding on consumers’ excitement and stress, and their subsequent impact on satisfaction and impulsive buying behavior. A quantitative survey of 276 consumers was analyzed using SEM-PLS. The findings reveal that human crowding significantly increases both excitement and stress, while spatial crowding primarily triggers stress without affecting excitement. Notably, both excitement and stress positively influence satisfaction, suggesting that stress in this context may function as eustress (positive stress) rather than purely negative pressure. Furthermore, satisfaction significantly drives impulsive buying behavior. This study offers a novel perspective that retail crowding extends beyond negative implications and introduces the role of eustress in shaping consumer experiences in hedonic retail settings. Practical insights for managing crowding to enhance emotional engagement and stimulate impulsive purchases are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lailatus Sa’diyah, Della Ayu Zonna Lia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Service Quality, Brand Image, and Patient Loyalty in Indonesian Primary Healthcare: Patient Satisfaction as a Mediator
This study investigates the effects of service quality and brand image on patient loyalty, with patient satisfaction as a mediating variable, at a public primary healthcare centre in Indonesia. Using a cross-sectional survey of 300 outpatients with at least two visits for different diagnoses, data were analyzed via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the Sobel test, and model fit was evaluated with multiple indices. The results indicate that service quality (CR=6.54, p<0.001) and brand image (CR=5.94, p<0.001) significantly enhance patient satisfaction, whereas service quality (CR=0.59, p=0.56), brand image (CR=1.77, p=0.08), and patient satisfaction (CR=-0.01, p=0.99) do not significantly affect patient loyalty, and satisfaction does not mediate the relationships (Sobel p=0.995). The model exhibited poor fit (CFI=0.79, RMSEA=0.092), indicating that findings should be interpreted cautiously. The study contributes to understanding that satisfaction can be improved by service quality and institutional image, but loyalty may depend on other factors such as trust, access, and continuity of care. Health centre managers should not assume satisfaction alone ensures loyalty, and future research should test alternative mediators using longitudinal designs and better-fitting models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iqlima Seilena Rachma Nurnaningtyas, Liliana Inggrit Wijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Futuristic Strategic Planning for the Sustainability of Islamic Educational Institutions in Indonesia’s Digital Era
This study aims to construct an integrated Futuristic Strategic Planning framework designed to ensure the sustainability of Islamic educational institutions amidst the disruptions of Indonesia’s digital era. A qualitative library research design was employed, utilizing Reflexive Thematic Analysis (TA) to examine authoritative academic documents, policy frameworks, and recent scholarly discourses published between 2015 and 2025. The research identifies three core components of futuristic planning: environmental scanning, trend analysis, and scenario building. These elements facilitate the “Mimbar to Mouse” digital transition, ensuring that technological adoption including AI and Learning Management Systems is systematically aligned with institutional identity. The findings indicate that futuristic planning shifts management from administrative compliance to a dynamic “foresight culture.” The novelty of this research lies in its unique synthesis of proactive foresight models with traditional Islamic pedagogical values, a combination often fragmented in previous literature. Practically, this study provides a strategic roadmap for educational leaders to optimize human resource planning and policy formulation, enabling them to remain resilient in a volatile global landscape. Theoretically, it expands the discourse on Islamic educational management by repositioning planning as the central mechanism for long-term sustainability. The study concludes that an integrated futuristic orientation allows Islamic institutions to remain globally competitive while maintaining their spiritual integrity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Debi Tiara Wulan Dari, Sri Uswatun Hasanah, Muhammad Sirozi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Diplomacy of the United Liberation Movement for West Papua in Internationalizing Human Rights Issues in Papua: A Transnational Advocacy Network Perspective
This study examines how the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) internationalizes human rights issues in Papua through transnational advocacy. Despite Indonesia's sovereignty over Papua, the ULMWP has successfully shifted the Papua issue from a domestic concern to a regional and international agenda, particularly within Pacific multilateral forums. Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method grounded in Keck and Sikkink's Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN) theory, this study analyzes primary data from interviews with diaspora figures and secondary data from organizational documents, media reports, and diplomatic communiqués. The findings reveal that the ULMWP employs four TAN strategies: (1) information politics through documentation of alleged human rights violations (e.g., The Nduga Conflict report) and social media dissemination; (2) symbolic politics by leveraging Melanesian identity and cultural performances to build solidarity with Māori and Aboriginal communities; (3) leverage politics by engaging regional actors such as the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) and Australian parliamentarians to exert moral pressure; and (4) accountability politics by demanding Indonesia comply with international human rights commitments. These strategies have successfully institutionalized the Papua issue within PIF communiqués and gained explicit state support from Vanuatu. However, the study finds that transnational advocacy has produced only moral and reputational pressure, not substantive Indonesian policy change on Papua's political status. This study contributes to the literature on non-state diplomacy, human rights advocacy, and Pacific regional politics, while also highlighting the limits of TAN in influencing sovereign states' core security policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ichsanul Faranggara Sirua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teachers' Readiness, Perceptions, and Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Educational Practice
This study examines teachers’ readiness, usage patterns, perceived benefits, barriers, and professional development needs related to integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) into educational practice. A quantitative descriptive exploratory survey design was employed. Data were collected via online questionnaires from 80 teachers across multiple educational levels (early childhood to vocational secondary) in Bengkulu. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyse the data. Teachers reported high functional readiness and positive perceptions of Gen AI, particularly for lesson planning and content development, while its application for learning analytics and reflective pedagogical inquiry remained limited. The most significant barriers were lack of training and unclear school policies, whereas teachers did not view Gen AI as a threat to their professional role. Key professional development needs included practical training, ethical guidance, curriculum integration, and peer communities. The study provides empirical evidence on teachers actual pedagogical workflows in a developing‑country context, distinguishing functional readiness from conceptual literacy. Findings offer a clear agenda for policy development and teacher professional learning programmes. The research advances understanding of Gen AI integration in resource‑constrained settings and provides an evidence base for pedagogically grounded, ethically responsible AI adoption in education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novia Ayu Lestari, Agus Susanta, Nurul Astuty Yensy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cyber Threats in Hybrid Warfare: A Strategic Mapping and Response Framework for National Defense
Hybrid warfare integrates military and non-military instruments, with cyberspace emerging as a critical domain. Cyber threats in this context are systemic, multidimensional, and difficult to attribute, yet existing studies often treat cybersecurity and hybrid warfare separately. This study maps cyber threats within hybrid warfare frameworks and formulates strategic responses to support national defense. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, combining systematic literature review (45 peer-reviewed articles and policy documents, 2018–2025), Soft System Methodology (SSM) for complexity analysis, and SWOT analysis for strategic formulation. Four principal cyber threat types were identified: attacks on critical infrastructure, cyber espionage, disinformation campaigns, and influence operations. Key characteristics include multidimensionality, attribution difficulty, asymmetry, and involvement of both state and non-state actors. SSM revealed interconnected systems across technology, governance, and society. SWOT analysis identified strengths (growing digital human resources) and weaknesses (limited inter-agency coordination). A strategic response model comprising system integration, capacity enhancement, and national coordination is proposed. National defense systems must adopt holistic, adaptive frameworks that integrate cyber capabilities, cross-sectoral collaboration, and societal resilience. Future research should empirically test the proposed model in national defense contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shoraya Lolyta Octaviana, Totok Imam Santoso, Zainal Abidin Sahabuddin, Guntur Eko Saputro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Payment Adoption and Financial Management Efficiency of Culinary MSMES: A Study of QRIS Users in Bandung, Indonesia
This study examines the effect of digital payment adoption on the financial management efficiency of culinary micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) using the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) in Bandung, Indonesia. Amid rapid digitalization, many MSMEs continue to face challenges in transaction recording and cash flow management, despite the potential of digital payment systems to automate and streamline these processes. A quantitative approach with a descriptive-causal design was employed. Data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire (1–5) administered to 100 culinary MSME owners who actively used QRIS for at least three months, selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis included validity and reliability testing, classical assumption tests (normality, linearity, heteroscedasticity), and simple linear regression. The results show that digital payment adoption has a positive and significant effect on financial management efficiency (β = 0.571, t = 6.884, p < 0.001). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.326) indicates that 32.6% of the variance in financial management efficiency is explained by digital payment adoption. The use of QRIS automates transaction records, enhances data accuracy, minimizes manual errors, and simplifies reconciliation. Two items (ease of use and frequency of use) were dropped due to a ceiling effect, as active users exhibited homogeneous positive perceptions. This study concludes that QRIS adoption plays a meaningful role in improving MSME financial governance. Practical implications include the need for enhanced digital literacy training for MSME actors and integrated policy design by regulators. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and moderate explanatory power; future research should incorporate mediating variables such as digital financial literacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erik Sopian, Nugraha Nugraha, Ika Putera Waspada, Maya Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Explaining the Unthinkable: Israel’s 2025 Airstrike on Qatar Through the Lens of the Rational Actor Model
This study examines a hypothetical Israeli airstrike on Doha, Qatar, on 9 September 2025, targeting Hamas leadership, to explore Israel’s decision-making through the Rational Actor Model (RAM). The research aims to understand why Israel might consider military action in a Gulf state despite potential diplomatic and geopolitical risks. Using a theory-driven scenario analysis with secondary data, including official documents, academic publications, and credible news sources, the study reconstructs Israel’s strategic objectives, policy alternatives, and expected consequences. Findings suggest that, within the RAM framework, Israel’s action could be interpreted as a calculated choice prioritizing national security and deterrence, while balancing potential costs such as regional instability and international condemnation. The study provides practical insights for policymakers on the complexities of preventive military strategies and their broader implications for regional diplomacy. The research contributes to international relations scholarship by demonstrating the application of RAM in analyzing hypothetical extreme security scenarios, highlighting the interplay between rational calculation, strategic objectives, and geopolitical constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arisyah Firdaus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teachers’ Professional Competence, School Climate, and Student Achievement: A Quantitative Study of Indonesian Public Senior High Schools
This study examines the effect of teacher professional competence and school climate on student achievement in public senior high schools. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was employed with a sample of 152 respondents (100 students and 52 teachers) selected through proportionate stratified random sampling from three public senior high schools in Sungai Lilin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Data were collected using validated questionnaires (90 items, 5-point Likert scale) and analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression. Findings indicate that: (1) teacher professional competence has a significant positive effect on student achievement (β = 0.569, p < 0.001); (2) school climate also significantly affects student achievement (β = 0.219, p < 0.001); and (3) jointly, both variables explain 56.4% of the variance in student achievement (F = 34.015, p < 0.001, R² = 0.564). These results underscore the importance of investing in teacher professional development and fostering a positive school climate to enhance academic outcomes. However, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, and generalizability is limited to similar Indonesian rural-adjacent contexts. Future research should employ longitudinal designs and include objective achievement measures beyond self-reported perceptions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusnita Yusnita, Tri Widayatsih, Muhammad Fahmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teachers’ Professional Competence and Student Character as Predictors of Academic Achievement in Indonesian Elementary Schools: A Quantitative Ex Post Facto Study
This study examines the influence of teacher professional competence and student character on academic achievement in public elementary schools in Banyuasin District, Indonesia. A quantitative ex post facto design was employed, with 86 teachers selected via proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected using validated Likert-scale questionnaires, observation sheets, and report card documentation, then analyzed using multiple linear regression. Descriptive results indicated that teacher professional competence and student character were categorized as high, and student achievement was good, with all prerequisite tests (normality, linearity) satisfied. Partially, teacher professional competence significantly predicted student achievement (t = 102.32, p < 0.001), contributing 66.1%; student character also significantly predicted achievement (t = 101.61, p < 0.001), contributing 80%. Simultaneously, both variables explained 80% of the variance in student achievement (adjusted R² = 0.800, F = 4897.94, p < 0.001). The study concludes that teacher competence and student character function synergistically to enhance academic outcomes, with student character showing a slightly stronger predictive contribution. The novelty lies in empirically demonstrating the near-equal and substantial combined predictive power of both variables within the underexplored context of Indonesian public elementary schools, moving beyond isolated examinations of each factor. Practically, these findings suggest that schools should invest equally in professional development programs for teachers and character education initiatives for students to maximize academic achievement. This study contributes to educational psychology and school management literature by providing robust quantitative evidence that academic success is co-determined by instructional quality and student non-cognitive attributes, highlighting the need for integrated interventions addressing both domains simultaneously.
Copyright (c) 2026 Misnawati Misnawati, Tri Widayatsih, Muhammad Fahmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Between Development and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis of Neo-Developmentalism in Indonesia and Singapore
This article provides a comparative analysis of developmentalism and neo-developmentalism in Indonesia and Singapore, two Southeast Asian states with divergent political systems but shared development aspirations. While Singapore is widely recognized as a model developmental state, Indonesia under President Joko Widodo has been characterized as adopting a neo-developmentalist approach. This study asks: what are the key preconditions for successful developmentalism, and what are its political implications in these two contexts? Using a qualitative, comparative case study design based on secondary sources, we find that Singapore’s success rests on prior, deep bureaucratic reforms including anti-corruption measures and meritocracy that enabled effective state intervention. In contrast, Indonesia’s neo-developmentalism prioritizes debureaucratization and deregulation (e.g., the Omnibus Law), reflecting a stronger neoliberal influence. Both countries, however, show a similar consequence: the subordination of civil liberties and democratic rights to developmental goals. The article concludes that pre-conditions matter more than policy slogans, and that the trade-off between development and political freedom remains unresolved in both models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusa Djuyandi, Luis Fiska Rahayu, Herry Soesanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Communication, Resources, Disposition, and Bureaucracy: Evaluating the Smart Indonesia Program Implementation at SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Lilin
This study examines the implementation of Indonesia's Smart Indonesia Program (Program Indonesia Pintar/PIP) at SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Lilin, Musi Banyuasin Regency, using George C. Edwards III's policy implementation framework (communication, resources, implementer disposition, and bureaucratic structure). A descriptive qualitative case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis involving purposively selected participants including the principal, vice principal, school operator, student beneficiaries, and parents (total n = 22). Analysis followed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. Findings reveal that PIP implementation has improved educational access for economically disadvantaged students but faces four key constraints: (1) communication barriers due to parents' limited administrative literacy and digital access; (2) resource constraints including inadequate digital infrastructure and heavy operator workload; (3) generally positive implementer disposition, though bureaucratic rigidity persists; and (4) a bureaucratic structure with clear role division but insufficient integration of standard operating procedures and follow-up documentation. The study concludes that PIP's effectiveness depends on the integration of all four Edwards III dimensions. Strengthening data accuracy, digital infrastructure, service-oriented dispositions, and accountable bureaucratic governance is recommended. Limitations include single-site design and reliance on self-reported data. Future research should compare implementation across multiple schools and regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nursilawati Nursilawati, Nila Kesumawati, Dessy Wardiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
From Open Dumping to Circular Economy: Institutional Challenges in Solid Waste Governance in Tangerang Regency, Indonesia
Rapid urbanization within the Jabodetabekpunjur agglomeration has intensified solid waste management challenges in peri-urban regions such as Tangerang Regency, Indonesia. This study analyzes sustainable solid waste governance in Tangerang Regency, focusing on institutional coordination, integrated waste services, and contributions to urban resilience. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through policy document analysis, government reports, academic literature, and observational notes from official forums (2024-2026). Analysis employed thematic synthesis organized around three dimensions: institutional governance, service integration, and resilience building. Key findings reveal: (1) Tangerang Regency generates approximately 2,515 tons of waste daily (0.71 kg/person/day), with non-household sources contributing 66% of total waste; (2) service coverage reaches 87%, yet only 60% of generated waste is transported to final disposal facilities; (3) the Jatiwaringin landfill has less than 5 hectares of remaining capacity from its original 33 hectares; (4) institutional fragmentation, limited waste segregation (only 34% household waste), and reliance on open dumping practices have led to a national “waste emergency” designation (Ministerial Decree No. 2567/2025). The study concludes that sustainable waste governance requires transformation from disposal-oriented to circular economy systems, supported by interregional coordination, green financing mechanisms (including carbon credits), and inclusive participation of formal and informal actors. Limitations include single-region focus and reliance on secondary data. Implications for policy emphasize the urgency of upstream waste reduction, segregated collection systems, and metropolitan-scale governance coordination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syamsoe Astra Negara, Effie Tristinawati, Alya Nurayu Sulisman, Christianto Deni Saputro, Yugni Maulana Aziz, Jaka Permana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Principal's Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction on the Performance of State Elementary School Teachers
This study analyzes the influence of principal's transformational leadership and job satisfaction on teacher performance at public elementary schools in Sematang Borang District, Indonesia. Employing a quantitative approach, the research targeted a population of 101 teachers, all of whom were selected as samples using saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires and documentation, then analyzed using regression tests, t-tests, and F-tests. The results reveal three key findings: first, principal's transformational leadership has a positive and significant influence on teacher performance; second, job satisfaction also demonstrates a positive and significant influence on teacher performance; and third, both variables simultaneously exert a positive and significant influence on teacher performance. The study concludes that improving teacher performance requires strengthening both transformational leadership practices and job satisfaction levels concurrently. The novelty lies in examining the combined effects of these two variables within the underexplored context of elementary schools in Sematang Borang District, providing localized empirical evidence. Practically, school principals should adopt transformational behaviors such as intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration while also systematically addressing teacher job satisfaction through recognition, supportive working conditions, and professional growth opportunities. This study contributes to educational leadership literature by confirming that transformational leadership and job satisfaction are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary drivers of teacher performance, suggesting that holistic interventions targeting both leadership style and teacher welfare yield optimal results in elementary school settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Sartika Sari, Rohana Rohana, Yasir Arafat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Work Stress and Parenting Quality in Working Mothers: Does Emotion Regulation Moderate the Relationship?
This study examined whether emotion regulation moderates the relationship between work stress and parenting quality among working mothers with children aged 7–11 years. A quantitative, correlational design was employed with purposive sampling. Participants were 304 formally employed working mothers (civil servants and non-shift private employees) from Indonesia; an initial pool of 384 respondents was collected, of whom 80 were excluded due to non-consent, trial entries, or irregular response patterns. Work stress was measured using the HSE Management Standards Indicator Tool (HSE-MS IT), parenting quality using the PAFAS-Parenting subscale, and emotion regulation using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), assessing cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression separately. Moderated regression analysis revealed that work stress was negatively and significantly associated with parenting quality (β = −0.284, p < .001, R² = 0.081), indicating that higher work stress is associated with lower parenting quality. However, neither cognitive reappraisal (interaction β = −0.007, p = .897) nor expressive suppression (interaction β = −0.028, p = .618) moderated this relationship. The null moderation effect suggests that general, trait-level emotion regulation may not buffer the impact of work stress on parenting behavior, possibly because stress spills over into parenting through mechanisms other than emotion regulation (e.g., reduced time, fatigue). These findings highlight the importance of direct work stress management interventions for working mothers rather than relying solely on emotion regulation training. Limitations include self-report data, cross-sectional design, and the low reliability of the cognitive reappraisal subscale (α = 0.629). Future research should explore mediating mechanisms and use context-specific measures of parenting-related emotion regulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Intan Willyanti, Naomi Soetikno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Examining the Effects of Professional Competence and Professional Commitment on Lecturer Performance through Organizational Commitment
This study examines the effects of professional competence and professional commitment on lecturer performance, with organizational commitment serving as a mediating variable in maritime higher education institutions in Semarang City, Indonesia. A quantitative explanatory approach was employed using a census of 116 lecturers from three maritime higher education institutions. Data were collected through a 7-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using multiple regression, path analysis, and the Sobel test. The findings indicate that professional competence and professional commitment have positive and significant effects on both organizational commitment and lecturer performance. Organizational commitment was identified as the strongest predictor of lecturer performance (β = 0.493; p < 0.001). Furthermore, organizational commitment significantly mediates the relationships between professional competence and lecturer performance, as well as between professional commitment and lecturer performance. The results suggest that lecturer performance improvement cannot rely solely on enhancing professional competence and professionalism but also requires strengthening organizational commitment. This study contributes to the human resource management literature in vocational maritime education by providing empirical evidence that organizational commitment functions as an important mechanism linking professional attributes to lecturer performance. The findings offer practical implications for maritime higher education institutions in designing integrated strategies for lecturer development and organizational strengthening.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahindra Bayu Kumara, Zhao Jing, Ganjar Ndaru Ikhtiagung, Lodis Ramadhan, Costantein Imanuel Sarapil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluating Bureaucratic Simplification: Effects on Public Service Quality in Lampung Province, Indonesia
Bureaucratic simplification represents a strategic government effort to enhance organizational effectiveness and public service quality. This study analyzes the influence of bureaucratic simplification policy implementation on public service quality at the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Agency (DPMPTSP) of Lampung Province, Indonesia. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 150 service recipients selected through random sampling. Policy implementation was measured through Mazmanian and Sabatier’s (1983) framework (tractability of problems, ability of statute to structure implementation, and nonstatutory variables), while service quality was measured using the five-dimensional SERVQUAL model (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy). Due to non-normal distribution of independent variables, Spearman Rank Correlation was employed. Results indicate that all three implementation dimensions significantly and positively influence service quality: tractability of problems (r = 0.329, p < 0.01), ability of statute to structure implementation (r = 0.418, p < 0.01), and nonstatutory variables (r = 0.396, p < 0.01), with total implementation showing r = 0.417 (p < 0.01). The regulatory framework dimension emerged as the strongest determinant of service quality improvement. The study contributes to bureaucratic reform literature by empirically testing the Mazmanian-Sabatier framework in a regional one-stop service context. Limitations include cross-sectional design and single-agency focus. Findings suggest that strengthening regulatory clarity and coordination mechanisms should be prioritized in bureaucratic simplification efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yenita Anggraini, Nandang Alamsah Deliarnoor; Andi Kasman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of Academic Supervision and Principal Leadership Style on Teacher Professionalism: A Study of State Vocational Schools in Ogan Ilir District
This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of academic supervision and principal’s leadership style on teacher professionalism in state vocational high schools throughout Ogan Ilir Regency, Indonesia, both partially and simultaneously. Employing a quantitative approach with a correlational design, the sample consisted of 101 teachers selected from the target population. Data were collected through questionnaires and documentation, then analyzed using the SPSS program. The results conclude three main findings: first, academic supervision has a significant influence on teacher professionalism; second, principal’s leadership style also significantly influences teacher professionalism; and third, academic supervision and principal’s leadership style together exert a significant combined influence on teacher professionalism. The study concludes that enhancing teacher professionalism in vocational high schools requires strengthening both academic supervision practices and principal leadership styles concurrently. The novelty lies in examining the combined effects of these two variables specifically within the context of state vocational high schools in Ogan Ilir Regency, an under-researched setting in Indonesian vocational education literature. Practically, the findings suggest that school principals should balance structured academic supervision with adaptive leadership styles tailored to vocational education demands, while policymakers should integrate both elements into principal training programs and teacher professional development initiatives. This study contributes to educational management literature by providing empirical evidence that academic supervision and leadership style function as complementary rather than competing factors in fostering teacher professionalism, particularly within vocational secondary education contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melati Utami, Nur Ahyani, Rohana Rohana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Transformation of Victim Reporting Systems: Applying DEG Framework to Indonesia’s SIMFONI PPA
The digitalization of public services in the women and child protection sector faces challenges including institutional fragmentation, weak data integration, and limited regional capacity. This study analyzes the application of Digital Era Governance (DEG) in the Online Information System for Women and Child Protection (SIMFONI PPA), Indonesia’s national system for recording and reporting violence victims. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews (n = 15 key informants including ministry officials, regional UPTD heads, and service users), observations, and analysis of regulations, policy documents, and digital sources (2024-2026). Thematic coding based on DEG’s three dimensions reintegration, needs-based holism, and digitalization revealed three main findings. First, SIMFONI PPA functions as a governance reintegration tool by unifying workflows and data across central and regional governments without formal institutional restructuring. Second, the system promotes a holistic, needs-based service orientation by facilitating continuous case handling and victim-centered data integration. Third, digitalization has not fully resulted in equitable governance transformation due to persistent disparities in human resource capacity, infrastructure, and cross-sector integration at local levels. The study contributes to digital governance literature by extending DEG framework application to gender-based violence recording systems. Limitations include single-country focus and limited cross-sectoral data integration analysis. Policy implications emphasize strengthening local capacity, expanding interoperability with health and legal systems, and balancing digital standardization with contextual service practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novalia Novalia, Nandang Alamsah Deliarnoor, Antik Bintari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Structure, Narrative Context, and Function of Healing Mantras in Biaro Baru Village, North Musi Rawas Regency, Indonesia
This study examines the structure, narrative context, and function of healing mantras in Biaro Baru Village, Karang Dapo District, North Musi Rawas Regency, Indonesia. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation from five informants (traditional healers/shamans) who actively use mantras in healing practices. Five healing mantras were recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed. The analysis focused on linguistic structure (using frameworks of oral literature analysis), narrative context (using Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING model), and social-cultural function. Results reveal that the healing mantras exhibit four structural elements: (1) rhyme (end-rhyme and initial-rhyme patterns); (2) rhythm (repetitive syllabic patterns creating a hypnotic quality); (3) repetition (of words, phrases, and sounds for emphasis and magical effect); and (4) distinctive diction (archaic words, code-switching between Musi Malay and Arabic). The narrative context is governed by strict norms regarding setting (typically at the patient’s home or specific ritual sites), timing (often at night or specific hours), participants (healer, patient, sometimes family members), and ritual preparations (offerings, water, specific objects). The mantras serve multiple complementary functions: magical-religious (invoking divine power for healing), therapeutic (providing psychological comfort to patients), social (reinforcing the healer’s role and community bonds), and cultural (preserving and transmitting local wisdom). This study contributes to the documentation of endangered oral traditions in Indonesia and provides a model for analyzing similar oral literature forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yeni Oktariyani, Siti Rukiyah, Sri Wahyu Indrawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Program Effectiveness, Governance, and Household Welfare: A Path Analysis of Indonesia’s Free Nutritious Meal Program in East Jakarta
This study analyzes the influence of Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) effectiveness and program governance on household economic welfare in East Jakarta, Indonesia. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 402 MBG beneficiary households selected through purposive sampling. Path analysis was employed to examine direct and indirect relationships among program governance, program effectiveness, and household economic welfare. Results indicate that program governance has a positive and significant effect on program effectiveness (β = 0.323, p < 0.001), and program effectiveness in turn has a positive and significant effect on household economic welfare (direct effect not fully reported in current manuscript). However, the model explains only 10.5% of the variance in program effectiveness and 6.7% of the variance in household economic welfare, suggesting that unmeasured factors such as household income, employment status, food prices, and social support networks play substantial roles in determining welfare outcomes. These findings confirm that good governance (transparency, accountability, and efficient distribution) enhances program effectiveness, and effective programs contribute to household welfare by reducing food expenditure burdens. The study contributes to the literature on social protection governance by demonstrating that program success depends not only on resource allocation but also on governance quality. Limitations include cross-sectional design (precluding causal inference), low explanatory power, and geographic restriction to East Jakarta. Future research should incorporate additional welfare determinants and employ longitudinal designs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Audrey Belinda Indria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Politeness in Javanese Krama Inggil: A Study of Daily Conversations in a Transmigration Community in South Sumatra
This study examines the realization of language politeness in daily conversations using Javanese Krama Inggil in Gunung Terang Village, Madang Suku I District, East OKU Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through observation, recording, and note-taking from 27 native Javanese speakers who actively use Krama Inggil in daily interactions. The analysis employed Geoffrey Leech's six politeness maxims: tact, generosity (acceptance), praise, humility, agreement, and sympathy. Of 27 utterances analyzed, 24 (88.9%) adhered to politeness principles, while 3 (11.1%) violated them. The maxim of praise was most frequently observed (6 utterances), followed by the maxim of tact (6 utterances), maxim of generosity (5 utterances), maxim of sympathy (3 utterances), maxim of agreement (2 utterances), and maxim of humility (2 utterances). Violations occurred in the maxims of generosity, praise, humility, and sympathy. The findings indicate that the Gunung Terang community maintains a relatively high level of politeness in Javanese Krama Inggil usage, though generational and social factors contribute to occasional violations. This study contributes to the documentation of Javanese politeness practices in transmigration communities outside Java, an under-researched context. The findings have implications for language preservation efforts and intercultural communication studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siyam Safitri, Dessy Wardiah, Sri Wahyu Indrawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Principal’s Managerial Roles in Adapting the Operational Curriculum (KOSP) of the Merdeka Curriculum: A Case Study of an Elementary School in a Tidal Water Area of Indonesia
This study examines the principal’s managerial functions planning, implementation, and evaluation in adapting the Operational Curriculum of Educational Units (KOSP) within the Merdeka Curriculum at SDN 3 Karang Agung Ilir, an elementary school located in a tidal-water area of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Using a qualitative single holistic case study design under an interpretive naturalistic paradigm, data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews with nine informants (principal, teachers, committee members, supervisor, parents), and document analysis. The interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña guided data analysis. Findings reveal that while the principal fulfilled formal managerial roles in drafting KOSP documents, mobilizing teachers, and conducting supervision, the planning remained generic and insufficiently contextualized to tidal-area challenges. Implementation largely mirrored the 2013 Curriculum, with minimal integration of local environmental and socio-economic realities. Evaluation focused on administrative compliance rather than curriculum effectiveness or data-driven improvement. These findings indicate that the flexibility of the Merdeka Curriculum remains underutilized in extreme geographic contexts. This study contributes an empirical model of “guided imitation” and a procedural-but-immature evaluation system, extending curriculum management theory to tidal-water schools. Implications suggest the need for context-sensitive KOSP indicators, structured in-house training, and participatory evaluation involving fishing communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aryo Handhoko, Nila Kesumawati, Mulyadi Mulyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Situational Leadership, Organizational Support, and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Teacher Work Motivation in Indonesian Junior High Schools
This study examines the direct and indirect effects of situational leadership and organizational support on junior high school teachers’ work motivation, with self-efficacy as a mediating variable. A quantitative correlational design with path analysis was employed. The sample comprised 128 teachers randomly selected from a population of 203 teachers in Kotabaru Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected using validated Likert-scale questionnaires (Cronbach’s α > 0.96 for all variables). Path analysis revealed that situational leadership (β = 0.315, p = 0.008) and organizational support (β = 0.377, p < 0.001) have significant direct effects on self-efficacy, which in turn significantly predicts work motivation (β = 0.376, p = 0.010). Self-efficacy partially mediates the relationships between both situational leadership and organizational support on work motivation. The model explained substantial variance in self-efficacy (R² = 0.68) and work motivation (R² = 0.71). These findings confirm that teacher work motivation is enhanced by adaptive school leadership, supportive organizational environments, and strengthened teacher self-belief. Practical implications include developing principal training programs in situational leadership and creating organizational support systems that foster teacher self-efficacy. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and single geographic setting; future research should employ longitudinal designs across diverse educational contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Triyoso, Aslamiah Aslamiah, Sulistiyana Sulistiyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of School Culture and Principal Managerial Competence on Elementary School Teacher Performance in a Remote Indonesian District: A Quantitative Study
This quantitative study examines the influence of school culture and principal managerial competence on elementary school teacher performance in Karang Agung Ilir District, Banyuasin Regency, Indonesia—a remote area with significant geographic and infrastructural constraints. Using an explanatory correlational design, data were collected from 79 public elementary school teachers selected through proportional random sampling. Validated and reliable Likert-scale questionnaires were employed. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression. Findings reveal that school culture has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance (β = 0.967, t = 21.512, p < 0.001), contributing 85.7% (R² = 0.857). Principal managerial competence also demonstrates a positive and significant effect (β = 0.955, t = 21.239, p < 0.001), contributing 85.4% (R² = 0.854). Simultaneously, both variables significantly predict teacher performance (F = 294.892, p < 0.001), with a combined contribution of 88.6% (R² = 0.886). These results indicate that in resource-limited, geographically isolated schools, a conducive school culture and effective principal managerial competence are critical determinants of teacher performance. The study contributes empirical evidence from an understudied remote elementary school context, extending organizational culture and educational leadership theories. Practically, it recommends targeted professional development for principals in managerial functions and intentional cultivation of collaborative school culture to enhance teacher performance in similar marginalized settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Budi Prayogo, Andi Rahman, Pahlawan Pahlawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Predicting Teacher Performance Through Interpersonal Communication and Work Discipline: Evidence from Indonesian State Elementary Schools
This study examines the influence of interpersonal communication and work discipline on teacher performance in Indonesian state elementary schools. Using a quantitative correlational design, data were collected from 70 teachers across four state elementary schools in Sako District, Palembang City, selected through simple random sampling from a population of 225 teachers. Questionnaires measuring interpersonal communication, work discipline, and teacher performance were administered, and data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression, t-tests, F-tests, and coefficient of determination (R²). The findings reveal that: (1) interpersonal communication positively and significantly influences teacher performance (t-value > t-table, p < 0.05); (2) work discipline positively and significantly influences teacher performance (t-value > t-table, p < 0.05); and (3) interpersonal communication and work discipline jointly account for 65% of the variance in teacher performance (R² = 0.65, F-value > F-table, p < 0.05). These results indicate that improving both interpersonal communication skills and work discipline among teachers can significantly enhance their professional performance. The study contributes empirical evidence on teacher performance determinants in the Indonesian elementary education context and offers practical implications for school principals, policymakers, and teacher professional development programs seeking to improve educational quality through targeted human resource management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aziza Nursanti, Syarwani Ahmad, Djunaidi Djunaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Principal Leadership and Work Discipline as Predictors of Teacher Performance: A Quantitative Study in Indonesian Public Junior High Schools
This study examines the influence of principal leadership and teacher work discipline on teacher performance in public junior high schools in Banyuasin III District, Indonesia. Teacher performance is a critical determinant of educational quality, yet empirical evidence regarding its predictors in Indonesian junior high school contexts remains limited. Using a quantitative approach with a survey design, data were collected from 106 teachers selected through Slovin formula sampling from a population of 145 teachers. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses. The findings reveal that: (1) principal leadership has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance (β = 0.487, p < 0.05); (2) teacher work discipline has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance (β = 0.646, p < 0.05); and (3) both variables simultaneously explain 44.6% of the variance in teacher performance (F = 41.78, p < 0.05). These results underscore the importance of effective school leadership and consistent work discipline in enhancing teacher professionalism. The study contributes empirical evidence to educational management literature and offers practical recommendations for school principals and education policymakers in developing strategies for sustainable teacher performance improvement. Future research should explore mediating variables and conduct qualitative investigations to deepen understanding of these relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meditran Meditran, Nur Ahyani, Mahasir Mahasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Work Environment as the Primary Determinant of Teacher Performance: A Quantitative Study of Job Demands and Organizational Resources in Indonesian Secondary Education
Teacher performance is fundamental to school quality, yet the relative influence of job demands versus organizational resources remains underexplored in Indonesian secondary education. This study examines the effects of workload and work environment on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Lilin, Indonesia. Using a descriptive quantitative survey design, data were collected from 50 teachers via a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through multiple linear regression using SPSS 25. Simple regression analyses revealed that workload negatively affects performance (B = -0.236, p = 0.016, R² = 0.116), while work environment positively affects performance (B = 0.616, p < 0.001, R² = 0.451). However, in the multiple regression model, workload became non-significant (B = -0.099, p = 0.207), whereas work environment remained a strong predictor (B = 0.575, p < 0.001). The simultaneous model explains 46.9% of performance variance (F = 20.795, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that the work environment is the dominant organizational factor explaining teacher performance when tested alongside workload. The study contributes to educational management literature by clarifying the relative roles of job demands and organizational resources, suggesting that school improvement efforts should prioritize strengthening physical and psychosocial work conditions alongside workload management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Septa Puteri Puspitasari, Meilia Rosani, Nuril Furkan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Augmented Reality for Geometry Learning in Primary Education: A Systematic Literature Review
This systematic literature review examines the effectiveness of Augmented Reality (AR) technology in improving geometry learning outcomes at the primary education level in Indonesia. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across Google Scholar, Sinta, and Garuda databases for articles published between 2020 and 2025. Of 100 initially identified articles, 35 met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to descriptive qualitative analysis and meta-synthesis. The findings reveal that AR-based learning media significantly improve students’ geometry learning outcomes, with N-Gain scores ranging from 0.40 to 0.87 (moderate to high categories). AR enhances learning by visualizing abstract geometric concepts as interactive 3D models, increasing student motivation (from 39.67% to 92.67%), and facilitating spatial understanding. Key challenges include infrastructure limitations, teacher readiness, technological accessibility, and curriculum integration. The review identifies the ADDIE model as the most prevalent development framework and highlights the potential of integrating ethnomathematics with AR for culturally relevant learning. This study provides theoretical and practical foundations for AR integration in geometry teaching and recommends systematic teacher training, infrastructure improvement, and adaptive learning models for future implementation. Future research should employ longitudinal designs and expand participant contexts to strengthen empirical evidence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irmaniyah Irmaniyah, Dewi I. S. Nasution, Eliyah Barizah, Syarifah Syarifah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Model of Organic Fertilizer Self-Reliance Governance Based on Circular Economy in Supporting Food Security as a Pillar of Indonesia’s National Security
Food security has become a strategic issue closely linked to national security in many countries, including Indonesia. The dependence of the agricultural sector on imported chemical fertilizers exposes Indonesia to global supply chain disruptions, geopolitical tensions, and fluctuations in international commodity prices. This study aims to develop a governance model for organic fertilizer self-reliance based on the circular economy concept to strengthen food security as a pillar of national security. Using a qualitative approach through literature review and policy analysis, this article examines the relationship between circular economy principles, organic fertilizer production, food security, and national security. The findings indicate that organic fertilizer self-reliance contributes significantly to sustainable agricultural production, environmental resilience, economic independence, and social stability. The circular economy approach enables the conversion of agricultural, livestock, and household organic waste into valuable agricultural inputs, reducing dependence on external resources while enhancing soil fertility and ecosystem sustainability. Furthermore, effective governance involving government institutions, local communities, private sectors, and research organizations is essential for achieving sustainable fertilizer independence. The study proposes an integrated governance model that combines circular economy principles, food sovereignty, and national resilience. The model can serve as a policy framework for strengthening Indonesia’s food system resilience amid increasing global uncertainties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firmansyah Firmansyah, Guntur Eko Saputro, Ummul Firmani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Regulatory Harmonization in Indonesian Labor Law: The Principle of Lex Posterior Derogat Legi Priori and Outsourcing Regulations After Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 7 of 2026
The issuance of Minister of Manpower Regulation Number 7 of 2026 has introduced significant changes to Indonesia’s outsourcing regime and has raised concerns regarding its consistency with existing labor regulations. These developments have intensified debates on legal certainty and the appropriate methods for resolving conflicts among labor law provisions. This study examines the relevance of the principle of lex posterior derogat legi priori in addressing inconsistencies within the legal framework governing outsourcing practices in Indonesia. Using a normative legal research method, the study applies statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches to analyze several key legal instruments, including the Manpower Law, the Job Creation Law, Constitutional Court Decision Number 168/PUU-XXI/2023, and Minister of Manpower Regulation Number 7 of 2026. The analysis demonstrates that the principle of lex posterior derogat legi priori cannot independently resolve regulatory conflicts. Its implementation must be complemented by the principle of lex superior derogat legi inferiori and supported through broader legislative harmonization efforts. The study also identifies persistent uncertainties concerning employment relationships, worker protection, and the allocation of legal responsibilities between outsourcing providers and user companies. Therefore, stronger regulatory harmonization, effective enforcement, and clear transitional arrangements are necessary to ensure legal certainty and a more balanced outsourcing system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Turija Turija, Suandi Suandi, Nasaruddin Nasaruddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Electronic Word-of-Mouth, Destination Image, and Tourist Visit Intention: A Study of Lemukutan Island, Indonesia
This study investigates the effects of electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) and destination image on tourists’ visit intention toward Lemukutan Island, West Kalimantan, an emerging marine tourism destination with limited digital promotional exposure. A quantitative research design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 100 respondents selected through accidental sampling between September 2025 and March 2026. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression after passing validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The findings reveal that e-WOM and destination image simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on tourists’ visit intention (F = 48.059, p < 0.001), explaining 48.7% of the variance in visit intention (Adjusted R² = 0.487). Partially, e-WOM exerts the strongest influence (β = 0.552; t = 7.647; p < 0.001), followed by destination image (β = 0.402; t = 5.579; p < 0.001). Unlike previous studies that typically examined these variables independently or in well-established destinations, this study demonstrates their integrated effects within the context of an emerging island tourism destination characterized by limited market exposure and promotional constraints. The findings highlight the strategic importance of strengthening positive online reviews and enhancing destination image to stimulate tourists’ behavioral intentions. This study contributes to the tourism marketing literature by extending empirical evidence on tourist behavioral intention in emerging marine tourism destinations and provides practical recommendations for destination managers to optimize digital marketing strategies and destination branding.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vanesa Claudia Vina, I Made Darsana, Gusti Praminatih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrating Local Wisdom into Science Instruction to Strengthen Scientific Literacy: A Qualitative Study of a Rural Indonesian Junior High School
This qualitative descriptive study examined the integration of local wisdom into science instruction to strengthen students’ scientific literacy at SMP Negeri 1 Muara Rupit, a rural junior high school in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Participants included the principal, four science teachers, and ten students, selected purposively. Data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation analysis (lesson plans, student worksheets, photographs) over four months. The interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña guided data analysis. Findings revealed that local wisdom-based science instruction was implemented through planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. Teachers integrated local environmental contexts river ecosystems, agricultural activities, and local vegetation into learning objectives, instructional activities, and classroom discussions. This contextual approach enhanced students’ conceptual understanding, science process skills (observation, questioning, discussion), environmental awareness, and classroom engagement. However, the integration of comprehensive scientific literacy dimensions (evidence-based reasoning, systematic inquiry, analytical explanation) remained limited and unsystematic within instructional planning and assessment. Supporting factors included school leadership support, rich environmental resources, and student enthusiasm. Inhibiting factors comprised limited facilities, insufficient instructional time, and varying teacher readiness. The study concludes that local wisdom-based science instruction has significant potential to strengthen scientific literacy through contextual and meaningful learning experiences, but requires more systematic planning, scientific literacy-oriented assessment, and teacher professional development. Implications recommend designing structured local wisdom-based instructional frameworks and assessment instruments targeting higher-order scientific reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Merty Sari, Manap sumantri, Azizatul Khairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reducing Red Tape to Strengthen Teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Boalemo Local-Wisdom Elementary Schools
This study aims to strengthen teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) by reducing local bureaucratic red tape and developing a creative-adaptive elementary school ecosystem grounded in Boalemo local wisdom. Using Participatory Action Research combined with Asset-Based Community Development at SD Negeri 3 Tilamuta, Boalemo Regency, the study involved 25 grade 4–6 teachers, one principal, and three district education office staff. Data were collected through focus group discussions, OCB and red tape questionnaires, field observation, module document review, and photographic documentation. The intervention comprised four stages: red tape diagnosis, OCB and bureaucracy-literacy workshops, mentoring for Ayambo local-wisdom modules using project-based learning, and policy blueprint validation. Six red tape points were identified. Teachers’ mean OCB score increased from 3.21 to 4.22, five Ayambo-based learning modules were produced with accompanying lesson plans, worksheets, and assessment rubrics, and a school bureaucracy simplification blueprint was validated with the district education office. This study uniquely integrates red tape reduction, OCB strengthening, and culturally responsive school-based management within a single participatory framework. The model offers a replicable intervention for enhancing teacher engagement and streamlining administrative processes in other elementary schools. This research contributes actionable evidence that combining local wisdom with participatory capacity-building effectively reduces bureaucratic burdens and elevates teachers’ discretionary efforts, providing a contextualized blueprint for sustainable school transformation in similar rural settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Indah Yuliani Solihin, Asna Aneta, Heldi Vanni Alam, Novianty Djafri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fostering a Positive Learning Climate through Classroom Management: A Case Study from Rural Indonesian Elementary Education
This qualitative case study explored the implementation of positive learning climate-based classroom management at SD Negeri 4 Muara Rupit, a public elementary school in rural Indonesia. Participants included three classroom teachers, the school principal, two vice principals, and twelve students, selected purposively. Data were collected over three months through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation analysis involving lesson plans, classroom rules, teaching modules, reflective notes, and photographs. Data analysis was conducted iteratively through coding, categorization, thematic display, and verification across data sources. Findings revealed that classroom management was implemented through four interconnected processes: systematic planning, interactive implementation, continuous evaluation, and adaptive strategies for addressing classroom challenges. Planning involved participatory classroom rules, flexible seating arrangements, supportive physical environments, and active learning strategies. Implementation was characterized by communicative teacher-student interaction, positive reinforcement, educative discipline, emotional support, and collaborative learning. Evaluation occurred continuously through teacher reflection and observation of student participation, interaction quality, and classroom atmosphere. Supporting factors included school leadership support, teacher collaboration, and cooperative student behavior, whereas inhibiting factors comprised diverse student characteristics and limited educational facilities. Despite these challenges, teachers demonstrated reflective and flexible practices that supported students’ academic and socio-emotional development. The study concludes that positive learning climate-based classroom management contributes to safe, participatory, and supportive elementary classrooms. Limitations include the single-site design and limited student voice. The findings imply a need for professional development in reflective practice, positive discipline, and adaptive classroom management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Anggraini, Manap sumantri, Azizatul Khairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
When Comedy Meets Politics: Symbolic Capital and The Electoral Phenomenon of Komeng in Indonesia’s 2024 DPD Election
This study analyzes how Alfiansyah Bustami Komeng utilized symbolic capital to secure 5,399,699 votes, the highest nationally in Indonesia’s 2024 Regional Representative Council (DPD) election from West Java. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach with a single instrumental case study grounded in Bourdieu’s theory of capital, the research draws on official KPU documents, national media coverage (January–April 2024), social media data, and academic literature. The findings identify two primary symbolic capital dimensions: (1) popularity/fame accumulated over 35 years in the entertainment industry, and (2) a positively perceived charismatic image reinforced by an anti-expensive-politics narrative and absence of scandal. The study reveals that the DPD’s non-partisan, personal-vote-based First-Past-The-Post system structurally advantages high-symbolic-capital candidates. Komeng’s atypical zero-cost campaign centered on a viral ballot photograph and official name change amplified his symbolic capital into substantial electoral appeal. This research extends Bourdieusian theory by demonstrating how symbolic capital functions as a legitimacy heuristic in Global South democracies characterized by information asymmetry. The findings carry implications for understanding celebrity politics, institutional design of non-partisan representation, and the quality of electoral democracy in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fadhil Abdur Rahim, Yusa Djuyandi, Ratnia Solihah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diglossia Interference in Arabic Language Acquisition: A Study of Indonesian Students at the Indonesian School of Mecca
This study examines the interference of ‘Amiyah (colloquial) Arabic in the use of Fuṣḥā (Modern Standard) Arabic among Indonesian diaspora students at the Indonesian School of Mecca, focusing on linguistic manifestations and contributing factors. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed with 16 fourth-grade students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. Analysis followed Miles and Huberman’s interactive model integrated with Corder’s Error Analysis framework. Interference manifests in four domains: lexical, phonological, morphosyntactic, and grammatical (nahwu). Six contributing factors were identified: dominance of ‘Amiyah in daily communication, perceived ease of ‘Amiyah, limited Fuṣḥā practice opportunities, structural diglossia differences, foreign language anxiety, and pedagogical factors. This interference contributes to grammatical fossilization, reduced academic vocabulary, code-mixing, pronunciation deviations, and diminished speaking confidence. This study uniquely addresses Arabic diglossia interference within an Indonesian diaspora school context, an underexplored setting in Arabic sociolinguistics and second language acquisition research. Findings recommend sociolinguistically informed instruction incorporating explicit contrastive analysis between Fuṣḥā and ‘Amiyah to mitigate interference and enhance linguistic competence. This research contributes empirical evidence on diglossia interference patterns in diaspora educational contexts, offering actionable insights for curriculum designers and Arabic language educators to develop pedagogical strategies that address the unique challenges faced by learners in Arabic-speaking environments while strengthening Fuṣḥā proficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chorrin Vitalia Putri, Arif Humaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Feedback Orientation Scale Among Indonesian Employees
The growing use of performance feedback systems in Indonesian organizations has increased the need for valid instruments that can assess how employees respond to feedback. However, validated Indonesian-language measures of employees’ receptivity to feedback remain limited. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS) for use in the Indonesian employee context. The FOS assesses an individual’s general tendency to receive, value, use, and feel accountable for feedback through four dimensions: Utility, Accountability, Social Awareness, and Feedback Self-Efficacy. The adaptation process followed the International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests and included translation, expert review, readability testing, item analysis, reliability testing, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. A total of 326 employees from various organizations in Indonesia participated in the study. Item analysis showed that one negatively worded item in the Accountability dimension had a low item-rest correlation and was therefore removed. The final Indonesian version consisted of 19 items. The psychometric findings indicated that all retained items demonstrated adequate item discrimination and that the four dimensions showed satisfactory internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis further indicated that the original four-factor structure provided a better fit than the alternative two-factor model identified through exploratory analysis. Overall, the adapted Indonesian FOS demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability for assessing feedback orientation among employees. The findings support the use of the 19-item Indonesian FOS in research and organizational practice, particularly in studies and interventions related to performance management, coaching, employee development, and feedback-based learning in diverse Indonesian workplaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andry Yanti, Anjani Arum Safitri, Fitria Rahayu, Aneuke Yu’dzia M, Mutiara Vinanda, Deni Agung Wicaksono, Agung Wicaksono, Sofi Nurul, Christiany Suwartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Financial Performance Effectiveness of PT Bank Central Asia Tbk 2019–2022
This study evaluates the financial performance of PT Bank Central Asia Tbk during 2019–2022, covering the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and early economic recovery periods. A descriptive quantitative design was applied using secondary data from audited annual financial statements published through the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Financial performance was assessed through three indicators: quick ratio (bank-specific liquidity), debt-to-asset ratio (funding structure), and return on assets (profitability). The average quick ratio was 28.59%, classified as healthy, though it declined consistently from 49.89% in 2019 to 14.02% in 2022, indicating weakening capacity to cover short-term obligations. The average debt-to-asset ratio reached 82.14%, remaining relatively stable and reflecting deposit-based funding common in banking. Return on assets averaged 2.82%, indicating very healthy profitability temporarily declining in 2020 due to pandemic pressures, but improving in 2021 and recovering strongly in 2022. This study provides an integrated time-series interpretation of liquidity, funding structure, and profitability, demonstrating that strong earnings recovery coexisted with declining immediate liquidity coverage and persistently high liabilities. The continued decline in the quick ratio highlights the need for careful liquidity management despite resilient profitability. This research contributes empirical evidence on banking resilience during crisis periods, offering actionable insights for management and regulators. Future studies should incorporate additional indicators, longer observation periods, and comparative analysis with other major Indonesian banks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasni Hanipa Usemahu, Juliana Kesaulya, Albertus Lalaun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Inclusive Classroom Management to Accommodate Diverse Student Characteristics and Learning Preferences in Indonesian Primary Education: A Qualitative Case Study
This qualitative case study examined inclusive classroom management practices accommodating diverse student characteristics and learning preferences at SD Negeri 6 Muara Rupit, a public elementary school in Indonesia. Participants included two classroom teachers, twenty-eight students, and the school principal, selected purposively. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, non-participant classroom observations, and document analysis (lesson plans and teaching modules). The interactive model of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing guided data analysis. Findings revealed four main themes. First, teachers implemented systematic planning by designing varied instructional activities and flexible seating arrangements before instruction. Second, classroom implementation involved interactive strategies, including group discussions, collaborative learning, questioning sessions, and positive behavior management rather than punitive approaches. Third, classroom organization featured flexible seating rearrangements and heterogeneous grouping to facilitate peer interaction. Fourth, teachers employed adaptive strategies such as simplifying explanations, providing individual guidance, and varying instructional methods to address challenges including student diversity, limited instructional time, and constrained resources. Supporting factors included teacher competence, positive teacher-student relationships, school leadership support, and available facilities. The study concludes that inclusive classroom management extends beyond behavioral control to function as a comprehensive pedagogical framework for creating participatory, student-centered learning environments. Practical implications recommend targeted professional development in differentiated instruction, flexible classroom design, and positive behavior support. Limitations include the single-site focus and a stronger emphasis on teacher perspectives than student voices. Future research should examine inclusive classroom management across diverse school contexts and include student perspectives more extensively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairiyah Khairiyah, Manap Somantri, Muhammad Kristiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Rebranding and Customer Loyalty: Examining the Mediating Role of Brand Awareness and Interaction Quality among Instagram Users in Bali
This study examines the influence of digital rebranding strategy, brand awareness, and digital interaction quality on customer loyalty toward ERSPO, a local Indonesian sports apparel brand, among Instagram users in Bali. A quantitative research design was employed using a purposive sampling technique involving 100 respondents who followed and interacted with ERSPO’s Instagram account. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 26. The findings indicate that digital rebranding strategy, brand awareness, and digital interaction quality each exert a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty, with the proposed model explaining a substantial proportion of customer loyalty variance. The study contributes to the digital marketing and brand management literature by providing empirical evidence that integrating digital rebranding initiatives with brand awareness and high-quality digital interactions strengthens customer loyalty in the context of local brands operating in digitally competitive markets. From a managerial perspective, the findings offer practical guidance for companies seeking to enhance consumer loyalty through effective social media branding and engagement strategies. Nevertheless, the cross-sectional design, single-brand focus, and geographically limited sample restrict the generalizability of the findings. Future studies are encouraged to adopt longitudinal designs, include multiple brands and regions, and explore additional variables that may influence customer loyalty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Christofer Setiawan, Dwi Sih Winarti, Ngurah Gede Dwi Mahadipta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Promotion, Digital Payment, and Consumer Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Perceived Ease of Use
This study aims to examine the effects of digital promotion and digital payment applications on consumer satisfaction by investigating the mediating role of perceived ease of use at Samudera Kuphi Coffee Shop, Medan. A quantitative explanatory approach was employed using purposive sampling, involving 98 customers who had utilized digital promotion and digital payment services. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS 4.1.4. The findings reveal that digital promotion and digital payment applications positively and significantly influence perceived ease of use, while both variables also have significant positive effects on consumer satisfaction. In addition, perceived ease of use significantly enhances consumer satisfaction, although its mediating role in the relationship between digital promotion and consumer satisfaction was not statistically significant. Overall, the findings indicate that implementing user-friendly digital technologies can improve customer experiences and increase consumer satisfaction in the coffee shop industry. These results suggest that coffee shop managers should optimize digital promotion strategies and digital payment systems by improving application usability, transaction efficiency, and user experience to strengthen customer satisfaction. This study offers novelty by integrating digital promotion and digital payment within a single research model through the mediating role of perceived ease of use in the coffee shop context. Furthermore, it contributes to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) literature by providing empirical evidence that perceived ease of use is an important mechanism linking digital technologies to consumer satisfaction, while offering practical insights for businesses seeking to enhance digital service quality and customer experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malwin P. Alamsyah, Adelina Lubis, Ikbar Pratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Risk-Based Defense Planning in Archipelagic States: Strategic Analysis, Methodological Framework, and Technological Integration in the Indo-Pacific
The volatile security environment of the Indo-Pacific demands that defense institutions adopt adaptive planning approaches beyond conventional threat-based models. This qualitative study examines Risk-Based Defense Planning (RBDP) implementation in archipelagic states, which face distinctive security challenges from dispersed territories, extensive maritime boundaries, and persistent sea blindness. Through systematic literature review and comparative analysis of defense planning frameworks in Indonesia and the Philippines, the study evaluates risk assessment methodologies including Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approaches specifically Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for objective defense resource prioritization. The analysis also examines NATO’s Risk-Based Framework for Strategic Planning as a reference model. Findings reveal three key patterns: (1) archipelagic states are shifting toward risk-oriented defense strategies, evidenced by the Philippines’ Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept and Indonesia’s Global Maritime Fulcrum vision; (2) emerging technologies—Maritime Domain Awareness systems, unmanned vehicles, and low-earth orbit satellites are critical for situational awareness and risk mitigation; and (3) effective RBDP requires integration of military and non-military policies within total defense frameworks, supported by regional cooperation. The study contributes a synthesized RBDP framework for archipelagic contexts and offers policy recommendations for addressing hybrid threats, maritime security challenges, and climate-related risks. Limitations include the focus on two case countries and reliance on secondary sources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Revila Oulina, Guntur Eko Saputro, Sutanto Sutanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
User Experience, Trust, and Service Usage Breadth as Determinants of Customer Satisfaction in Mobile Banking: A Mediation Analysis
This study examines the mediating role of Breadth of Service Usage in the relationships between User Experience, User Trust, and Customer Satisfaction in the context of the Sumut Mobile application, a regional digital banking platform in Indonesia. Digital banking has become increasingly important in supporting financial inclusion; however, customer satisfaction depends on both the quality of users’ experiences and their trust in the digital banking system. Employing a quantitative associative research design, data were collected from 100 active users of the Sumut Mobile application through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS version 4.1.4. The findings reveal that User Experience significantly influences Breadth of Service Usage (t = 3.823, p < 0.001) and Customer Satisfaction (t = 3.242, p = 0.009). Similarly, User Trust significantly affects Breadth of Service Usage (t = 5.996, p < 0.001) and Customer Satisfaction (t = 2.381, p = 0.017). Furthermore, Breadth of Service Usage significantly mediates the effects of User Experience (t = 3.417, p = 0.006) and User Trust (t = 3.521, p = 0.008) on Customer Satisfaction. These findings extend the Technology Acceptance Model literature by demonstrating that Breadth of Service Usage serves as an important mechanism through which positive user experiences and trust are translated into higher customer satisfaction. Practically, regional banks should improve user-interface design, strengthen perceptions of security and reliability, and encourage customers to utilize a broader range of digital banking features to enhance satisfaction and long-term loyalty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Murmadoni Harahap, Adelina Lubis, Muhammad Yamin Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ESG Disclosure and Firm Value in Emerging Markets: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review with Bibliometric Analysis
This study examines the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure and firm value in emerging markets through a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. A systematic search was conducted on 15 May 2026 using Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2020 and 2025. The search identified 13,700 records. The review included peer-reviewed empirical articles published in English or Indonesian, indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, or Sinta, and focused on ESG or corporate social responsibility disclosure and firm value or financial performance in emerging markets. After identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and full-text evaluation, 22 studies were included in the final synthesis. Bibliometric mapping was conducted using VOSviewer through keyword co-occurrence and co-citation analyses. The findings show that 18 of the 22 studies, or 82%, reported a statistically significant positive relationship between ESG disclosure and firm value. The environmental dimension showed the strongest and most consistent association with firm value, while the effects of social and governance disclosure varied across institutional and market contexts. Firm size, institutional ownership, leverage, regulatory quality, and economic sustainability emerged as important moderating or mediating factors. The bibliometric analysis identified three main research clusters: ESG reporting and disclosure mechanisms, firm value and financial performance measures, and corporate governance and stakeholder-related factors. The review also identifies methodological and geographical gaps, particularly the limited use of causal research designs and the underrepresentation of African and Latin American emerging markets. These findings provide relevant implications for corporate managers, investors, regulators, and future ESG researchers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raudah Nera Penalo, Anang Muftiadi, Erna Maulina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Transformational Leadership in Enhancing Teacher Performance: A Qualitative Case Study in Indonesian Secondary Education
This study explores how transformational leadership supports teacher performance at SMP Negeri 2 Muara Rupit, a public junior high school in South Sumatra, Indonesia. A qualitative case study design was used to examine leadership practices within their organizational and instructional context. Data were obtained from 16 purposively selected participants, comprising the principal, three vice principals, and twelve teachers, through semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and document analysis. The data were analyzed interactively through condensation, coding, thematic categorization, data display, and continuous verification. The findings show that the principal enacted four interconnected dimensions of transformational leadership. Idealized influence strengthened punctuality, responsibility, and instructional preparedness through consistent role modeling. Inspirational motivation increased teachers’ enthusiasm and commitment through vision communication, encouragement, and recognition. Intellectual stimulation supported pedagogical experimentation, technology integration, and collaborative professional learning through supervision and development activities. Individualized consideration increased teachers’ confidence and reflective practice through mentoring and constructive feedback. These practices were associated with a more disciplined, collaborative, and innovation-oriented work culture, although the pace of change varied among teachers. The study contributes a process-based explanation of how transformational leadership operates in a regional Indonesian school and highlights practical priorities for principal development, teacher mentoring, and school-based professional learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazaruddin Nazaruddin, Manap Somantri, Azizatul Khairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teacher Academic Background and Learning Outcomes in BIPA Instruction: A Mixed-Methods Comparative Study
This study investigates whether the learning outcomes differ between BIPA students taught by English Education graduates and those taught by Indonesian Education graduates. Employing a convergent mixed-methods comparative design, the study integrated quantitative achievement data with qualitative learner perceptions collected during the same instructional period. Quantitative data were obtained through a standardized Indonesian language achievement test assessing vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, and sentence construction, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent-samples t-test. Qualitative data were collected through five open-ended questions and analyzed thematically to explain and triangulate the quantitative findings. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in learning achievement between the two groups, with students taught by English Education graduates achieving significantly higher scores than those taught by Indonesian Education graduates (M = 81.83 vs. 57.00; t(58) = 8.318, p < .001). Qualitative findings reinforced these results by indicating that learners in the English Education group perceived clearer instructional explanations, greater opportunities for classroom interaction, and more supportive feedback, which helped explain their higher achievement. These findings suggest that teachers’ academic backgrounds are associated with different instructional orientations that influence BIPA learning outcomes. The study provides empirical evidence to inform BIPA teacher recruitment, professional development, and teacher education policies aimed at strengthening instructional quality in Indonesian language programs for foreign learners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhani Putra Riyanto, Yupika Maryansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Non-English Major Teachers’ Pedagogical Readiness in Elementary English Instruction: An Interpretative Phenomenological Study in Indonesia
Following the enactment of Permendikbudristek No. 12 of 2024, which establishes English as a compulsory subject in Indonesian elementary schools, increasing attention has been directed toward the pedagogical readiness of non-English major teachers who are expected to teach English despite limited specialized preparation. While previous studies have primarily examined teacher competence and classroom challenges, limited research has explored how pedagogical readiness is experienced and enacted by non-English major teachers within this new policy context. This study aimed to explore the pedagogical readiness of non-English major teachers in teaching English to young learners at private elementary schools in Bengkulu City. Using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations involving ten non-English major teachers. The findings revealed that pedagogical readiness was manifested across seven pedagogical competencies, although considerable variation existed among participants. Teachers encountered challenges related to English language proficiency, implementing child-centered instruction, lesson planning, classroom interaction, and formative assessment. Their readiness was influenced by individual factors, including teaching experience and self-efficacy, as well as contextual factors such as professional development opportunities and institutional support. This study contributes to the growing literature on teacher readiness by demonstrating that pedagogical readiness is a dynamic, context-dependent construct that extends beyond pedagogical competence and is shaped by the interaction between teachers’ professional capabilities and their instructional environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uas Gna, Yupika Maryansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Air Power Development Strategies for Safeguarding Airspace Sovereignty: A Systematic Review of Patterns and Typologies
The strategic imperative of airspace sovereignty necessitates robust air power development, yet existing literature remains fragmented across technological, operational, diplomatic, and institutional silos, hindering a holistic understanding of effective strategic formulation. This study aims to synthesize thematic patterns and develop a comprehensive typology of air power development strategies through a systematic review of contemporary scholarship. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted on peer-reviewed journal articles indexed in the Scopus database and supplementary sources. After rigorous screening against predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 studies published between 2017 and 2025 were selected for thematic synthesis. The analysis reveals four dominant thematic patterns, capability-driven, technology-centric, diplomacy-oriented, and institutional governance factors, which are consolidated into four strategic typologies: capability-based, technology-focused, diplomacy-oriented, and hybrid strategies. The findings demonstrate a paradigmatic shift from siloed, platform-specific approaches toward integrated, multidimensional frameworks that combine military readiness, technological innovation, institutional strengthening, and international cooperation. Theoretically, this study bridges military innovation theory and the political economy of defense by offering a typological framework that clarifies strategic choices and enables cross-context comparative analysis. Practically, it provides policymakers with an adaptive roadmap for designing resilient air power strategies that balance capability modernization, technological adoption, and cooperative security to address contemporary airspace threats.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yanto S Manurung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0